How historical 'facts' are understood is a matter of negotiation and is sometimes subject to intense debate amongst not just professional historians but also the public at large. In this section, we present public debates and controversies that emerge at different points in time and in a variety of local, national and trans-national contexts. The debates usually arise where dominant narratives are being contested or contrasting historical interpretations clash in the public sphere - during commemorative events, in academic publications or due to policy shifts. Through a critical assessment and contextualization of local debates and arguments the contributions in this sections reveal insights into important national (sometimes regional) conversations that oftentimes touch upon core issues of identity and social relations in these societies.
The articles therefore not only demonstrate how the 'long' twentieth century is being talked about and fought over today, in the new millennium, but also how these struggles inform present-day developments and attitudes in the countries of East Central and Southeastern Europe and beyond. Readers will gain insight into controversial historical events and learn about the various actors and agents in the debates who influence the course these quarrels take. Written exclusively for the Cultures of History Forum, the articles make the historical cultures of the region accessible to readers outside their respective national contexts.
Idrit Idrizi · 27. Apr 2021
More than thirty years after the end of the Hoxha regime, the communist period is still subject of heated public debates in Albania - debates that frequently degenerate into…
Andrea Brait · 16. Aug 2017
In 1996 the director of the Jewish Welcome Service in Austria, Leon Zelman, suggested for the first time to establish "a venue for vibrant encounters with history" in Austria. Yet…
Anna Schor-Tschudnowskaja · 29. Apr 2020
A year ago, the documentary film 'Kolyma – Birthplace of Our Fear' was uploaded to YouTube. Made by the blogger Yury Dud, it has received over 20 million views today, despite the…
Ekaterina Makhotina · 23. Jan 2018
What is really behind the growing popularity of Stalin in contemporary Russia? The article discusses different expressions of what has been termed a new “Stalin cult” or “Stalin…
Nicolas Moll · 12. Apr 2015
The article gives an overview of the fragmented historical culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina, twenty years after the end of the war, which left the country deeply divided along…
Ljubinka Petrović-Ziemer · 15. Sep 2015
Sarajevo’s tension-laden historical culture, in particular with reference to the war of the 1990s, is the focus of this article. Some historical background information on the…
Vjollca Krasniqi · 25. Jul 2016
This article discusses the ways in which history and historical reasoning are integrated into memorialization practices in Kosovo, with a special focus on the Jashari Family…
Ana Luleva · 15. May 2014
In October 2012 a conference took place at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski that was dedicated to Lyudmila Zhivkova, the daughter of Todor Zhivkov and chairperson of the…
Anastasia Felcher · 19. Sep 2022
The thirtieth anniversary of the armed conflict at the Dniester River in 1992 in Moldova this year has been heavily overshadowed by Russia's war against Ukraine. The article…
Ljiljana Radonić · 11. Jun 2019
Every year in May thousands of Croats gather in the small Austrian town of Bleiburg to commemorate the so called “Bleiburg tragedy” at the end of the Second World War. Considered…
Maciej Czerwiński · 07. Nov 2016
How does Croatia come to terms with the violent history of 20th century wars? Croatian society is deeply polarized over the narratives of the Second World War. Moreover, the…
Tamara Banjeglav · 12. Apr 2015
The article analyzes the official, state-sponsored celebration of “Operation Storm”, a military action that took place in Croatia in August 1995, and shows how the celebration has…
Ljiljana Radonić · 20. Aug 2013
The Hague Tribunal (ICTY) is one of the most important transitional justice institutions with regard to the wars in former Yugoslavia. This article focusses on the different…
Jiří Smlsal · 25. Jan 2022
For thirty years, Romani and other memory activists have struggled to get a pig farm that stood on the site of the former concentration camp for Czech Roma in Lety removed. This is…
Jakub Vrba · 18. Dec 2020
On 3 April 2020 the statue of former Soviet Army Marshal Ivan Stepanovich Konev was removed from its prominent location in downtown Prague. This radical act was preceded by years…
Kristina Andělová · 30. Oct 2018
50 years after the 'Prague Spring' ended, Czech political leaders remain strangely silent in commemorative events. A gradual shift is taking place in the Czech national…
Darina Volf · 01. Mar 2016
This article explores public opinion, commemorations and debates surrounding the 70th anniversary of the end of the Second World War and traces commemoration-related changes since…
Michal Kopeček · 02. Dec 2013
Dealing with the communist past was one of the constitutive elements of the new or reborn democracies of East Central Europe after 1989. 'Coming to terms with the communist past'…
Jakub Vrba · 30. Oct 2013
Michal Pullmann's book “The End of the Experiment” distanced itself from earlier approaches to the last period of state socialism from a methodological and theoretical perspective…
János Gadó · 16. Aug 2019
The ‘House of Fates’, the future Holocaust memorial museum in Budapest, stands empty. Efforts to realize this project have divided the Hungarian Jewish community and have been…
Ferenc Laczó · 21. Jan 2016
This is an analysis of the official initiatives, main controversies, and key scholarly activities related to the 70th anniversary of the Holocaust in Hungary in 2014. It reveals…
Árpád von Klimó · 14. Jan 2014
The debate on the significance of the events of 1989 has so far taken place only within the realm of politics. The governing Fidesz party is attempting to reinterpret the events,…
Ferenc Laczó · 11. Nov 2013
The recent debate between Éva Kovács and Krisztián Ungváry, two Hungarian intellectuals, about the memory of Trianon took place in a political context that was defined by new…
Máté Rigó · 15. Apr 2013
In 2012 a debate took place among Hungarian academics about how to write the country's 20th-century history in an ethically and professionally adequate way, with a particular focus…
Sándor Horváth · 12. Apr 2015
The Hungarian government declared 2014 the ‘Year of Holocaust Remembrance’ in response to accusations that it had failed to stem anti-Semitic tendencies in the country. In July…
Paul Hanebrink · 17. May 2015
Hungarian post-1989 politics has been very much defined by contrasting interpretations of the regime change and its aftermath. The article shows how these differences shaped…
Violeta Davoliūtė · 29. Sep 2021
In early 2021, the Director of the Genocide and Resistance Research Centre (GRRC) in Vilnius was replaced provoking a wide-ranging debate on the inner workings and public mandate…
Violeta Davoliūtė · 19. Dec 2018
A recently published personal story by American-Lithuanian writer Silvia Foti about her grandfather's involvement in the Holocaust in Lithuania has raised critical questions in the…
Violeta Davoliūtė · 17. Nov 2017
Against the backdrop of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine and its ongoing political warfare against the West, Lithuanians have mounted a social and cultural campaign to…
Ekaterina Makhotina · 27. Sep 2016
A recently published travelogue by Lithuanian journalist Rūta Vanagaitė raised critical questions about Lithuanians’ complicity in the extermination of their Jewish neighbours. The…
Rasa Baločkaitė · 12. Apr 2015
In recent years Lithuania has witnessed many heated debates and an extreme polarization of opinions regarding its Soviet heritage. At the epicentre of the most recent debate are…
Lidia Zessin-Jurek · 20. Apr 2023
Amidst Russia's war against Ukraine and against the backdrop of an often contentious and politicized shared history, Poland has demonstrated extraordinary solidarity with Ukraine,…
Lidia Zessin-Jurek · 20. Dec 2021
Images of refugees being trapped at the eastern Polish border have evoked memories of another time: in 1939, Polish Jews fleeing from Nazi occupied Poland eastwards were denied…
Maria Kobielska · 28. Sep 2018
The latest temporary exhibition by the Museum Polin in Warsaw entitled 'Estranged. March ’68 and its Aftermath' has been controversially discussed in the Polish public. The article…
Daniel Logemann · 21. Mar 2017
The partial opening of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk in January 2017 has become an occasion to reflect on the political struggles and rhetoric surrounding this…
Piotr Osęka · 09. Nov 2015
The Museum of the History of Polish Jews stirred up journalistic emotions long before its doors opened to visitors. The article discusses how this institution, located in a modern…
Piotr Osęka · 13. Apr 2015
The recent past is frequently the subject of heightened public debates in Poland. Historians receive considerable media attention, their publications and statements draw comments…
Daniel Logemann · 02. Sep 2013
The three-part German miniseries "Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter" (Generation War) gave rise to a heated German-Polish debate that focused on the depiction of members of the Polish…
John Connelly · 24. Nov 2012
In 2012, while conferring a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom on the Polish anti-Nazi resistance fighter Jan Karski, Barack Obama inadvertently touched off the greatest…
Monica Ciobanu · 19. Feb 2018
The historical role played by the Orthodox Church and individual priests as both conspirators with and opponents to Ceauşescu’s rule continues to be debated in Romania today.…
Gundel Große · 02. Sep 2013
The past years have seen a growing public debate among Romanian writers both in Germany and Romania, and increasingly a wider public, over the nature and extent of certain writers'…
James Krapfl and Andrew Kloiber · 28. May 2020
How strong are memories of the 1989 revolution in Germany and the Czechoslovak successor states, and how do they reinforce democratic politics today? In a comparative review of the…
Adam Hudek · 12. Apr 2015
The anti-fascist Slovak National Uprising in 1944 is generally considered one the most important events in modern Slovak history. This article focuses on the Uprising’s 2004 and…
Marko Zajc · 25. Oct 2015
In May 1985, Yugoslav Slovenia celebrated Victory Day and the 40th anniversary of liberation. In May 2015, independent Slovenia celebrated the 70th anniversary of the war’s end as…
Lorraine Weekes · 25. Apr 2017
The 2016 announcement that Tallinn's Museum of Occupations would soon be re-launched under the name "Museum of Freedom" brought swift and vitriolic critique from a diverse array of…
Heiko Pääbo · 25. Oct 2015
Official commemorations of the end of the Second World War in Estonia take place on May 8 and they focus on the victims of what is perceived as the most traumatic event in recent…
Nelly Bekus · 27. Sep 2019
Kurapaty, the site of Stalin-era mass executions on the outskirts of Minsk, has long been a much contested space where memories and narratives of the Soviet past clashed. Against…
Iryna Kashtalian · 11. Mar 2015
This article examines recent efforts by the Union of Poles in Belarus (ZPB) to preserve the memory of the Polish Home Army, an underground organisation of the Second World War,…
Nevena Daković · 21. Apr 2022
Cinematic attempts to tell the story of historical mass violence and trauma in former Yugoslavia are often steeped in political controversy. The article discusses two recent films…
Katarina Ristić · 31. Jul 2020
The Nobel Prize for Literature in 2019 to Peter Handke sparked a harsh debate, both in Serbia and internationally due to the Austrian writer's controversial stances in defence of…
Rena Jeremić Rädle · 25. Oct 2015
There is barely a hint that the buildings across from the most popular shopping mall in downtown Belgrade once housed the biggest fascist concentration camp in Serbia. Only the…
Daniela Mehler · 17. Apr 2013
As Serbia began legislative debate on whether to renew a 2003 law on lustration, public debates erupted concerning issues of archival access and of dealing with past and present…
Naum Trajanovski · 20. Jun 2024
In September 2023, Skopje was named the 2028 European Capital of Culture alongside Bourges and České Budějovice. The news renewed a debate within North Macedonia about the capital…
Goran Janev · 12. Apr 2015
The article discusses the 2014 total re-make of the cityscape of Skopje, Macedonia by a massive building offensive as well as the erecting of numerous monuments chosen for their…
Eva-Clarita Pettai · 22. Jul 2019
After years of political wrangling and public controversy, the Latvian parliament decided in fall 2018 to fully disclose the names of several thousand former KGB agents and…
Laura Eckl and Jan C. Bever · 31. Aug 2020
75 years after Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945, different narratives of the war still mark public commemorations across the former Soviet Union, epitomized by two dates: 8 and 9 May.…
Alexandr Voronovici · 07. Aug 2018
When in 2016 the decision was made to create an international Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center in Kyiv, the plan received much support from government officials, including…
Sabine Volk · 11. Mar 2020
On 13 February 2020, citizens of the city of Dresden commemorated the 75th anniversary of their city's destruction by Allied bombing attacks in 1945. Subject to great contestation…